BARSI.

Ba'rsi lies alone in the north-east between 17° 59' and 18° 26' north latitude and between 75° 42' and 76° 9' east longitude. It is bounded on all sides by the Nizam's territory. It has an area of 596 square miles, a population in 1881 of 110,046 or 184 to the square mile, and, in 1882 a land revenue of £25,682 (Rs. 2,56,820).

Area.

Of the 596 square miles 572 have been surveyed in detail. According to the revenue survey returns, forty-two square miles are occupied by the lands of alienated villages. The rest contains 319,488 acres or 90.11 per cent of arable, land, 17,971 acres or 5.07 per cent of unarable land, 192 acres or 0.06 per cent of grass, 7999 acres or 2.26 per cent of forests, and 8887 acres or 2.50 per cent of village sites, roads, rivers, and streams. From the 319,488 acres of arable land, 19,881 acres have to be taken on account of alienated lands in Government villages.

Aspect.

Barsi is separated from other parts of Sholapur by a narrow belt of country belonging to the Nizam. It lies between the Balaghat hills in the east and the Sina in the west. Except some outlying villages in the north-east Barsi is fairly regular in shape. From the Balaghat hills in the north it stretches twenty-five to twenty-eight miles south, and from east to west it is about twenty-three miles. From the Balaghat hills in the north and north-east the country slowly slopes south-west to the Sina. Between each of the streams which cross the sub-division is a succession of dips and rises from east to west, the rising and falling slopes becoming more and more gentle towards the eastern border. Except some parts which are bare, most of the sub-division, especially in the hollows, is well wooded. The villages are small and close, and lie chiefly on river banks. They are well shaded and almost all have walls seldom without gaps. Of the Balaghat hills which run north and northeast, the chief is the Vadshighat, about fourteen miles east of Barsi and noted for a cave temple sacred to Rameshvar.

Climate.

Probably owing to its nearness to the Balaghat hills, Barsi has a better climate and more plentiful and regular rainfall than other parts of Sholapur. At Barsi in the north-west of the sub-division, during the eight years ending 1870 the rainfall varied from 43.19 inches in 1870 to 18.62 inches in 1868 and averaged 26.74 inches; and duriug the ten years ending 1882 it varied from forty-one inches in 1882 to twelve in 1876 and averaged twenty-nine inches

Water.

Water is abundant. The chief river is the Bhogavati a feeder of the Sina, which, with its tributaries the Bedki, Nagzari, and Sira, rises in the Balaghat hills and runs south-east through the sub-division for about thirty miles. Besides this, the Chandni, a feeder of the Sina, runs in the north for about twelve miles. Most of these feeders keep water throughout the year. Besides by the Koregaon lake, about thirteen miles north-east of Barsi, land is watered chiefly from wells and sometimes by fair weather channels or kachaha pats from streams. In Barsi town drinking water is supplied from a storage reservoir built close to the town.

Soil.

The richest soil is found at the bottom of the slopes, which commonly become almost level along the banks of streams-and are generally dotted with clumps of magnificent mango trees. It is generally black and fertile. Poor gravelly or barad soils are scarcely found. Even on the most barren parts is earth enough to yield good grass during the monsoon.

Stock.

According to the 1882-83 returns farm stock included 213 riding and 2860 load carts, 748 two-bullock and 2796 four-bullock ploughs, 41,692 bullocks and 23,865 cows, 3619 he-buffaloes and 8526 she-buffaloes, 2166 horses, 86,512 sheep and goats, and 555 asses.

Holdings

In 1882-83, including alienated lands, the total number of holdings was 5818 with an average area of about 54 acres. Of the whole number, 155 were holdings of not more than five acres; 281 were of six to ten acres; 818 of eleven to twenty acres; 2493 of twenty-one to fifty acres; 1468 of fifty-one to 100 acres; 475 of 101 to 200 acres; 90 of 201 to 300 acres; 25 of 301 to 400 acres; and 13 of above 400 acres. The occupants who have holdings of over 100 acres are Brahmans, local Vanis, Gujars, Marathas, and Dhangars. As a rule the Brahmans, local Vanis, and Gujars sublet their holdings.

Crops, 1881-82,

In 1881-82 of 293,809 acres the whole area held for tillage, 47,619 acres or 16.20 per cent were fallow or under grass. Of the remaining 246,190 acres, 55 were twice cropped. Of the 246,245 acres under tillage, grain crops occupied 161,593 acres or 65^-62 per cent, of which 134,000 were under Indian millet jvari Sorghum vulgare, 10,667 under spiked millet bdjri Penicillaria spicata, 8042 under wheat gahu Triticuni sestivum, 5855 under rice bhat Oryza sativa, 16 under maize makka Zea mays, 165 under rdla or kang Panicum italicum, 580 under sava and vari Panicum miliaceum, 153 under barley jav Hordeum hexastichon, and 2115 under other grains of which details are not given. Pulses occupied 32,481 acres or 13.19 per cent of which 21,144 were under tur Cajanus indicus, 8188 under gram harbhara Cicer arietinum, 95 under kulthi or kulith Dolichos biflorus, 1837 under mug Phaseolus mungo, 609 under vdid Phaseolus radiatus, 3 under masur Ervum lens, 4 under peas vdtdna Pisum sativum, and 601 under other pulses. Oilseeds occupied 32,206 acres or 13.07 percent of which 2572 were under linseed alshi Iiinum usitatissimum, 163 under gingelly seed til Sesanium indicum, and 29,471 under other oilseeds. Fibres occupied 15,689 acres or 6.37 per cent of which 7646 were under cotton kapus Gossypium herbaceum, 7978 under Bombay hemp san or tag Crotalaria juncea, and 65 under brown hemp ambadi Hibiscus cannabinus. Miscellaneous crops occupied 4276 acres or 1.73 per cent of which 742 were under chillies mirchi Capsicum frutescens, 973 under sugarcane us Saccharura officinarum, 418 under tobacco tambdkhu Nicotiana tabacum, 40 under hemp ganja Cannabis sativa, and the remaining 2103 under various vegetables and fruits.

People, 1881

The 1881 population returns show that of 110,046 people 102,512 or 93.15 per cent were Hindus, 7456 or 6.77 per cent Musalmans, 67 Christians, and 11 Parsis. The details of the Hindu castes are: 5431 Brahmans; 23 Kayasth Prabhus and 18 Mudliars, writers; 4025 Vaishya Vanis, 3964 Lingayat Vanis, 924 Marwar Vanis, 402 Komtis, 229 Gujarat Vanis, 92 Bhatias, 68 Kashikapdis, and 3 Agarvals, traders and merchants; 46,445 Maratha Kunbis and 2505 Malis, husbandmen; 2160 Telis, oil-pressers; 1842 Chambhars, leather workers; 1183 Koshtis, weavers; 1058 Sutars, carpenters; 997 Sonars, goldsmiths; 878 Shiinpis, tailors.; 722 Kumbh&rs, potters; 641 Lobars, blacksmiths; 407 Kasars, makers and sellers of glass bangles; 329 Salis, weavers; 267 Lonaris, cent out makers; 259 Patharvats, masons; 239 Rauls, tape makers; 154 Karanjkars, saddlers; 117 Gavandis, masons; 104 Ghisadis, tickers; 82 Rangaris, dyers; 78 Sangars, wool weavers; 53 Tambats, coppersmiths; 51 Buruds, bamboo workers; 37 Otaris, casters; 22 Beidars, quarry-men; 14 Niralis, indigo dyers;.9 Lakheris, lac workers; 1394 Nhavis, barbers; 677 Parits, washermen; 504 Guravs, priests; 64 Holars, leather-dressers; 16 Ghadshis, musicians; 4856 Dhangars, cowkeepers; 155 Gavlis, milkmen; 744 Kolis and 45 Bhois, fishers; 396 Pardeshis, messengers; 217 Raddis, scent sellers and cultivators; 209 Khatiks, butchers; 5 Kamathis, labourers; 2638 Vanjaris, 683 Vadars, 205 Bedars or Berads, 150 Kaikadis, 145 Phansepardhis, and 36 Bhamtas, unsettled tribes; 7736 Mhars, village servants; 4089 Mangs, labourers; 358 Dhors, tanners; and 709 Jangams, 328 Gosavis, 98 Bhats or Thakurs, 86 Gondhlis, 64 Vasudevs, 59 Dauris, and 14 Kolhatis, beggars.

KARMALA.

Boundaries.

Karmala lies in the north-west between 17° 57' and 18° 32' north latitude and between 74° 52' and 75° 31' east longitude. It. is bounded on the north by Karjat in Ahmadnagar, on the east by the Sina and beyond the Sina by the Nizam's territory, on the south by Madha, and on the West by the Bhima and beyond the Bhima by Indapur in Poona. It has an area of 766 square miles, a population in 1881 of 61,548 or eighty to the square mile, and in 1882 a land revenue of £11,483 (Rs. 1,14,830).

Area.

Of the 766 square miles 721 have been surveyed in detail. According to the revenue survey returns, 101 square miles are occupied by the lands of alienated villages. The rest contains 382,134 acres or 85.57 per cent of arable land, 32,425 acres or 7.26 per cent of unarable land, 105 acres or 0.02 per cent of grass, 3046 acres or 0.69 percent of forests, and 28,867 acres or 6.46 percent of Village sites, roads, rivers, and streams. From the 382,134 acres of arable land 28,118 acres have to be taken on account of alienated lands in Government villages.

Aspect.

Karmala, about thirty-eight miles long from north to south and twenty-eight broad from east to west, lies between the Bhima in the west and the Sina in the east. The water-shed divides the subdivision into two parts and runs north-west from Kern in the south to a little west of Karmala in the north. The country is a succession of rises and valleys, with a good deal of high lying table land, which in some places is strewn with stones and boulders, but generally is level and has good though somewhat shallow soil. Except the Vaghoba and Bodki hills near Kern and the dividing ridge forming the water-shed, the sub-division is flat, though towards the north and north-west the ground is rough and broken and crossed by many large streams. Except near the lowlying villages and valleys trees are rare and not so large as in the more favoured climate of Barsi.

Climate.

The climate is dry, being somewhat similar to though less favourable than that of Madha. In the north-east the rainfall is slightly heavier than in the south about Tembhurni; but the seasons are most uncertain, a really good one, as a rule, not occurring oftener than once in three or four years In a really good season the harvest is unusually abundant. At Karmala in the north-east, during the ten years ending 1882, the rainfall varied from thirty-four inches in 1882 to six inches in 1876 and averaged twenty-four inches.

Water.

Owing to short and uncertain rainfall water is scanty. The two chief rivers are the Bhima and the Sina. The Bhima, separating Karmala from Indapur in the west, winds north to south for about seventy miles, and the Sina, separating Karmala from the Nizam's territory in the east, runs north to south for about thirty miles. Land is mostly watered from wells, and sometimes by throwing temporary dams across streams. Except in a few villages where it is enough for the growth of wheat and onions and is available till the middle or end of February, the water-supply of these dams does not last beyond the end of December or the beginning of January. In Karmala town drinking water is supplied from springs in wells lying about three quarters of a mile south of the town.

Soil.

About one-half of the-soil is black and one-quarter each red and gravelly or barad. Except along stream banks and in the Sina valley the black soil, as a rule, is somewhat shallow. It is often somewhat stiff and. clayey and requires an abundant rainfall to ensure a-full crop. In a favourable season the yield is equal or even superior to the best black soils; but in ordinary years the soil yields but an indifferent crop, and in unfavourable seasons scarcely returns the seed. Besides this, a small quantity of alluvial land is found chiefly along the banks of the Bhima. The leading crops are jvari, bajri, safflower, and a small quantity of wheat, cotton, and gram.

Stock.

According to the 1882-83 returns farm stock included 129 riding and 1630 load carts, 620 eight-bullock and 1582 ten-bullock ploughs, 28,855 bullocks and 14,849 cows, 2230 he-buffaloes and 4571 she-buffaloes, 1754 horses, 71,384 sheep and goats, and 742 asses.

Holdings.

In 1882-83 including alienated lands, the total number of hold-jugs was 5537 with an average area of about forty-eight acres. Of the whole number 171 were holdings of not more than five acres, 240 were of six to ten acres, 890 of eleven to twenty acres, 2595 of twenty-one to fifty acres, 1125 of fifty-one to 100 acres, 436 of 101 to 200 acres, sixty-one of 201 to 300 acres, thirteen of 301 to 400 acres, and six. of above 400 acres. The occupants who have holdings of over 100 acres are Brahmans, local Vanis, Gujars, Mara that; and Dhangars. As a rule the Brahmans, local Vanis, and Gujars sublet their holdings.

Crops 1881-82.

In 1881-82 of 229,048 acres the whole area held for tillage, 31,442 acres or 13.72 per cent were fallow or under grass. Of the remaining 197,606 acres, 790 were twice cropped. Of the 198,396 acres under tillage, grain crops occupied 151,081 acres or 76.15 per cent of which 127,053 were under Indian millet jvari Sorghum rulgare, 17359 under spiked millet bajri Peuicillaria spicata, 5228 under wheat gahu Triticum asstivum, 594 under rice bhat Oryza sativa, 659 under maize makka Zea mays, 58 under rola or king Panicum italicum, 14 under sava and vari Panicum miliaceum, 57 under barley jav Hordeum hexastichon, and 59 under other grains of which details are not given. Pulses occupied 17,555 acres or 8.84 per cent of which 2736 were under tar Cajanus in-dicus, 8256 under gram harbhara Cicer arietimim, 4059 under kulihi or kulith Dolichos biflorus, 548 under mug Phaseolus mungo, one uuder udid Phaseolus radiatus, one under pea's vatana Pisum sativum, and 1954 under other pulses. Oilseeds occupied 22,521 acres or 11.35 per cent of which 3185 were under linseed alshi Linum usitatissimum, 384 under gingelly seed til Sesamum indicum, and 18,952 under other oilseeds. Fibres occupied 5569 acres or 2.80 per cent of which 4084 were under cotton kapus Gossypium herbaceum and 1485 under Bombay hemp san or tag Crotalaria juncea Miscellaneous crops occupied 1670 acres or 0.84 per cent, of which 676 were under chillies mirchi Capsicum frutescens, 369 under sugarcane us Saccharum officinarum, 355 under tobacco tambakhu Nicotiana tabacum, and the remaining 270 under various vegetables and fruits.

People, 1881.

The 1881 population returns show that of 61,548 people 58,627 or 95.25 per cent were Hindus, 2914 or 4.73 per cent Musalmans, 3 Parsis, 3 Jews, and one Christian. The details of the Hindu castes are: 2718 Brahmans; 16 Kayasth Prabhus and 14 Mudliars, writers; 1337 Marwar Vanis. 1313 Lingayat Vanis, 190 Komtis, and 27 Gujarat Vanis, traders and merchants; 23,520 Maratha Kunbis and 4118 Malis, husbandmen; 1240 Chambhars, leather workers; 725 Koshtis, weavers; 673 Telia, oil-pressers'; 650 Sonars, goldsmiths; 568 Sutars, carpenters; 385 Lobars, blacksmiths; 380 Shimpis, tailors; 360 Kumbhars, potters; 357 Salis, weavers; 213 Kasars, makers and sellers of glass bangles; 204 Lonaris cement makers; 87 Sangars, wool weavers; 82 Saltangars, tanners; 39 Khatris, weavers; 28 Pauls, tape makers; 25 Rangaris, dyers; 19 Buruds, bamboo workers; 19 Niralis, indigo dyers; 16 Karanjkars, saddlers; 15 Beldars, quarrymen; 14 Ghisadis, tinkers; 8 Patharvats, masons; 5 Otaris, casters; 696 Nhavis, barbers; 490 Parits, washermen; 375 Guravs, priests; 166 Holars, leather dressers; 12 Ghadshis, musicians; 5854 Dhangars, cowkeepers; 217 Gravlis, milkmen; 481 Kolis and 69 Bhois, fishers; 167 Pardeshis, messengers; 146 Raddis, scent sellers and cultivators; 8 Khatiks, butchers; 729 Berads, 653 Vanjaris, 389 Vadars, 291 Kaikadis, 82 Phansepardhis, and 4 Bhils, unsettled tribes; 4427 Mhars, village servants; 2876 Mangs, labourers; 189 Dhors, tanners, 316 Gosavis, 253 Josh is, 134 Bbats, 106 Jangams, 63 Gondhlis, 36 Yaghyas and Murlis, 22 Kolhatis, and 11 Dauris, beggars.

MADHA.

Boundaries.

Madha lies in the centre of the district between 17° 38' and 18° 10' north latitude and 75° 13' and 75° 46' east longitude. It is bounded on the north by Karmala, on the east by the Sina and beyond the Sina by the Nizam's territory and part of Sholapur, on the south by Sholapur and Pandharpur, and on the west by Pandharpur, It has an area of 619 square miles, a population in 1881 of 67,961 or 109 to the square mile, and in 1882 a land revenue of £8455 (Rs. 84,550).

Area.

Of the 619 square miles 613 have been surveyed in detail. According to the revenue survey returns, twenty-two square miles are occupied by the lands of alienated villages. The rest contains 347,325 acres or 90.97 per. cent of arable land, 11,866 acres or 3.10 per cent of unarable land, 2303 acres or 0.60 per cent of forests, and 20,343 acres or 5.33 per cent of village sites, roads, rivers, and streams. From the 347,326 acres of arable land 16,746 acres have to be taken on account of alienated lands in Government Villages.

Aspect.

Madha is irregular in shape, with a greatest length of about forty miles from north-east to south-west and a breadth varying from twenty-five to thirty miles in the north to eighteen or twenty in the south. It is a bare waving plain; the tops of all the higher parts, though often covered with yellow stunted spear grass, are bare of trees and have a barren soil. As in the east, except in five villages the Sina forms its eastern boundary, and towards the west the subdivision does not stretch far enough to include any of the plain of the Bhima, most of the sub-division consists of comparatively high lying land. About four miles north of Madha the mala or high land of Chinchgaon lies between the villages of Chinchgaon Tadval and Vadshinga. The Madha villages are generally one to four miles distant on streams or river banks. Most of the villages are walled, but of many the wall is broken.

Climate.

The climate is dry and hot winds prevail in March April and May. At Madha in the north-east of the sub-division, during the ten years ending 1882 the rainfall varied from thirty-two inches in 1882 to eight inches in 1876 and averaged twenty-five inches.

Water.

The water-shed crosses the sub-division in the direction of its greatest length from north-west to south-east, and its streams flow eastward into the Sina and southward into the Bhima, which at no point is many miles from the south-western boundary. Owing to the low elevation at which they rise and the short distance they have to flow, none of the streams are good sized; and except the Bhend none run all through the year. The Bhend which rises near Kem in the Karmala sub-division, falls into the Sina a little north of the village of Undergaon. Of the three chief rivers the Bhima runs in the west for about six miles, the Sina in the east for about thirty miles, and the Bhogavati in the east for about three miles. Besides by the Ashti lake about fifteen miles south-west of Madha, land is chiefly watered from wells and to a less extent from streams and rivers. Daring the hot season most of the streams dry.

Soil.

Along the banks of the Sina the soil is rich, a good black of great depth; in the high land the soil is shallow black and poor red or gravelly, nearly in equal parts.

Stock.

According to the 18S2-83 returns farm stock included 190 riding and 1579 load carts. 477 eight-bullock and 1727 ten-bullock ploughs, 25,807 bullocks and 12,974 cows, 2827 he-buffaloes and 5205 she-buffaloes, 1188 horses, 57,272 sheep and goats, and 425 asses.

Holdings.

In 1882-83, including alienated lands, the total number of holdings was 6159 with an average area of about forty-six acres. Of the whole number 312 were holdings of not more than five acres, 335 were of six to ten acres, 1017 of eleven to twenty acres, 2723 of twenty-one to fifty acres, 1247 of fifty-one to 100 acres; 435 of 101 to 200 acres; sixty-six of 201 to 300 acres; seventeen of 301 to 400 acres; and seven of above 400 acres. The occupants who have holdings of over 100 acres are Brahmans, local Vanis, Marathas, and Dhangars. As a rule the Brahmans, local Vanis, and Grujars sublet their holdings.

Crops, 1881-82.

In 1881-82 of 251,602 acres the whole area held for tillage, 47,929 acres or 19.04 per cent were fallow or under grass. Of the remaining 203,673 acres, 3126 were twice cropped. Of the 206,799 acres under tillage, grain crops occupied 162,472 acres or 78.56 per cent of which 127,500 were under Indian millet jvari Sorghum vulgare, 19,170 under spiked millet bajri Penicillaria spicata, 4419 under wheat gahu Triticum aestivum, 7946 under rice bhat Oryza sativa, 3220 under maize makka Zea mays, 48 under rala or kang Panicum italicum, one under sava and vari Panicum miliaceum, and 168 under barley jav Hordeum hexastichon. Pulses occupied 13,729 acres or 6.63 per cent of which 4875 were under tur Cajanus indicus, 5598 under gram harbhara Cicer arietinum, 638 under kulthi or kulith Dolichos biflorus, 648 under mug Phaseolus mango, six under udid Phaseolus radiatus, and 1964 under other pulses. Oilseeds occupied 20,984 acres or 10.14 per cent of which 3128 were under linseed alshi Linum usitatissimum, 220 under gingelly seed til Sesamum indicum, and 17,636 under other oilseeds. Fibres occupied 5635 acres or 2.72 per cent of which 3886 were under cotton kapus Gossypium herbaceum, and 1 749 under Bombay hemp san or tag Crotalaria juncea. Miscellaneous crops occupied 3979 acres or 1.92 per cent of which 1182 were under chillies mirchi Capsicum frutescens, 501 under sugarcane us Saccbarum oficinarum, 428 under tobacco tambakhu Nicotiana tabacum, 5 under hemp ganja Cannabis sativa, and the remaining 1863 under various vegetables and fruits.

People, 1881.

The 1881 population returns show that of 67,961 people 64,578 or 95.02 per cent were Hindus, 3338 or 4.91 per cent Musalmans, 27 Christians, 15 Parsis, one Jew, one Buddhist, and one Sikh. The details of the Hindu castes are: 2784 Bhahmans; 1915 Lingayat Vanis, 1482 Marwar Vanis, 204 Komtis, 72 Vaishya Vani's, and 30 Gujarat Vanis, traders and merchants; 26,369 Maratha Kunbis, 4211 Malis, and 83 Hatkars, husbandmen; 1533 Chambhars leather-workers; 1339 Kosktis, weavers; 684 Sutars, carpenters; 626 Sonars, goldsmiths; 601 Telis, oil-pressers; 596 Shimpis, tailors; 532 Kumbhars, potters; 365 Lobars, blacksmiths; 273 Lonaris, cement-makers; 218 Salis, weavers; 216 Panchals, metal-workers; 148 Kasars, makers and sellers of glass bangles; 77 Hangars, wool-weavers; 69 Karanjkars, saddlers; 66 Gavandis, masons; 60 Rauls, tape-makers; 35 Buruds, bamboo-workers; 34 Otaris, casters; 28 Patharvats, masons; 26 Rangaris, dyers; 4 Ghisadis, tinkers; 696 Nhavis, barbers; 466 Parits, washermen; 271 Guravs, priests; 165 Holars, leather-dressers; 19 Ghadshis, musicians; 5969 Dhangars, cowkeepers; 71 Gavlis, milkmen; 735 Kolis and 74 Bhois, fishers; 337 Pardeshis, messengers; 105 Raddis, scent-sellers and cultivators; 18 Lodhis, labourers; 17 Khatiks, butchers; 3 Kamathis, labourers; 710 Berads or Bedars, 457 Vadars, 199 Kaikadis, 66 Bhils, 36 Katavdis, and 14 Vanjaris, unsettled tribes; 4972 Mhars, village servants; 3398 Mangs, labourers. 224 Dhors, tanners; and 305 Gosavis, 251 Jangams, 116 Bhats or Thakurs, 87 Gondhlis, 46 Dauris, 24 Kudbuda Joshis, 22 Kolhatis, 18 Vaghyas and Murlis, and 7 Vasudevs, beggars.

MALSIRAS.

Boundaries.

Malsiras lies in the west between 17°36' and 18° 2' north latitude and between 74° 41' and 75° 18' east longitude. It is bounded or, the north by the Nira and beyond the Nira by Indapur in Poona, on the east by Pandharpur and for about twenty miles by the Bhima, on the south by Sangola, and on the west by Man in Satara and Phaltan. It has an area of 574 square miles, a population in 1881 of 58,332 or 101 to the square mile, and in 1882 a land revenue of £15,322 (Rs. 1,53,220).

Area.

Of the 574 square miles 542 have been surveyed in detail. According to the revenue survey returns, eighty-three square miles are occupied by the lands of alienated villages. The rest contains 262,110 acres or 85.43 per cent of arable land, 34,660 acres or 11.30 per cent of unarable land, 8802 acres or 2.87 per cent of forests, and 1218 acres or 0.40 per cent of village sites, roads, rivers, and streams. From the 262,110 acres of arable land 40,977 acres have to be taken on account of alienated lands in Government villages.

Aspect.

Except in the west, where is a chain of hills, Malsiras is mostly flat and bare of trees. The villages are generally small, three or four miles apart. Most of the villages lie on streams and a few on river banks. In almost all the villages the site is bare. Except about ten which are walled, the villages are open.

Climate.

The climate is dry and hot and the rainfall scanty and uncertain. At Malsiras in the centre of the sub-division, during the ten years ending 1882, the fall varied from forty-one inches in 1877 to twelve inches in 1875 and averaged twenty inches.

Water.

Water is not plentiful. The chief rivers are the Nira and Bhima and their small feeders. The Nira runs west to east for about thirty miles on the northern border and falls into the Bhima in the extreme north-east of the sub-division. The Bhima runs north to south for about twenty miles on the eastern border. The small feeders of the Bhima and Nira mostly run dry during the hot season. The garden land is in some parts watered; chiefly from wells.

Soil.

A good deal of the soil is rooky and barren, but most of it is good black.

Stock.

According to the 1882-83 returns farm stock included twenty-oue riding and 1055 load carts, 2010 four-bullock ploughs, 21,538 bullocks and 11,133 cows, 1879 he-buffaloes and 3431 she-buffaloes, 1282 horses, 69,908 sheep and goats, and 406 asses.

Holdings.

In 1882-83, including alienated lands, the total number of holdings was 3766 with an average area of about seventy acres. Of the whole number, seventy-six were holdings of not more than live acres, 110 were of six to ten acres, 344 of eleven to twenty acres, 1566 of twenty-one to fifty acres; 1055 of fifty-one to 100 acres; 469 of 101 to 200 acres; eighty-four of 201 to 300 acres: thirty-four of 301 to 400 acres; and twenty-eight of above 400 acres. The occupants who have holdings of over 100 acres are Brahmans, local Vanis, Gujars, Marathas, and Dhangars. As a rule the Brahmans, local Vanis, and Gujars sublet their holdings.

Crops, 1881-82.

In 1881-82 of 214,794 acres the whole area held for tillage, 36,560 acres or 17.02 per cent were fallow or under grass. Of the remaining 178,234 acres, 4077 were twice cropped. Of the 182,311 acres under tillage, grain crops occupied 153,533 acres or 84.21 per cent of which 111,293 were under Indian millet jvari Sorghum vulgare, 33,444 under spiked millet bajri Penicillaria spicata, 5014 under wheat gahu Triticuin aestivium, 407 under rice bhat Oryza sativa, 2055 under maize makka Zea mays, 196 under rata or kang Panicum italicum, 119 under sava and vari Panicum miliaceum, 51 under barley jav Hordeum hexastichon, aud 954 under other grains of which details are not given. Pulses occupied 8080 acres or 4.43 per cent of which 523 were under tur Cajanus indicus, 2964 under gram harbhara Cicer arietinum, 1029 under kulthi or kulith Dolichos biflorus, 5 under mug Phaseolus mungo, and 3559 under other pulses. Oilseeds occupied 18,080 acres or 9.91 per cent of which 41 were under linseed alshi Linum usitatissimum, 4 under gingelly seed til Sesamum indicum, and 18,035 under other oilseeds. Fibres occupied 813 acres or 0.44 per cent, of which 561 were under cotton kapus Gossypium herbaceum, and 252 under Bombay hemp san or tag Crotalaria juncea. Miscellaneous crops occupied 1805 acres or 0.99 per cent of which 72.1 were under chillies mirchi Capsicum frutescens, 497 under sugarcane us Sacoharum officinarum, 200 under tobacco tambakhu Nicotiana tabacum, and the remaining 387 under various vegetables and fruits.

People, 1881.

The 1881 population returns show that of 58,332 people 56,387 or 96.66 per cent were Hindus and 1945 or 3.33 per cent Musalmans. The details of the Hindu castes are 1833 Brahmans; 1204 Lingayat Vanis, 556 Marwar Vanis, and 173 Komtis, traders and merchants; 18,379 Kunbis and 3346 Malis, husbandmen; 954 Lonaris, cement makers; 629 Chambhars, leather-workers; 514 Sutars, carpenters; 495 Kumbhars, potters; 372 Lobars, blacksmiths; 360 Sonars goldsmiths; 336 Koshtis, weavers; 287 Telis, oil-pressers; 275 Shimpis, tailors; 124 Kasars, makers and sellers of glass bangles; 41 Salis, weavers; 34 Sangars, wool-weavers 31 Buruds, bamboo- workers; 15 Karanjkars, saddlers; 12 Otaris, casters; 641 Nhavis, barbers; 485 Parits, washermen; 1215 Holars, leather- dressers; 288 Guravs, priests; 80 Ghadshis, musicians; 12,965 Dhangars, cowkeepers; 40 Gavlis, milkmen; 432 Kolis and 65 Bhois, fishers; 152 Raddis, scent-sellers and cultivators; 36 Pardeshis, messengers; 13 Khatiks, butchers; 2142 Berads, 299 Vadars, 82 Vanjaris, and 58 Kaikadis, unsettled tribes; 3950 Mhars. village servants; 2517 Mangs, labourers; 274 Dhors, tanners, and 346 Gosavis, 141 Joshis, 91 Jangams, 43 Bhats or Thakurs, 24 Dauris, 24 Kolhatis, and 14 Gondhlis, beggars.

PANDHARPUR.

Boundaries.

Pandharpur lies in the centre between 17° 29' and 17°,56' north latitude and 75° 11' and 75° 44' east longitude. It is bounded on the north by Madha, on the east by Mad ha and Sholapur, on the south by the Patvardhan state, and on the west by Sangola and Malsiras. It has an area of 470 square miles, a population in 1881 of 72,212 or 153 to the square mile, and in. 1882 a land revenue of £8449 (Rs. 84,490).

Area.

Of the 470 square miles 457 have been surveyed in detail. According to the revenue survey returns, thirty-two square miles are occupied by the lands of alienated villages. The rest contains 256,023 acres or 92.05 per cent cf arable land, 7984 acres or 2.87 per cent of unarable land, 2184 acres or 0.79 per cent of grass, 458 acres or 0.17 per cent of forests, and 11,475 acres or 4.12 per cent of village sites, roads, rivers, and streams. Prom the 256,023 acres of arable land 20,037 acres have to be taken on account of alienated land in Government villages.

Aspect.

Pandharpur is an open waving plain almost bare of trees. The villages lie partly on river banks and partly in the plain; some are walled. The village site is generally bare.

Climate.

The climate is dry. Hot winds prevail in March April and May; and the rainfall is scanty and uncertain. At Pandharpur in the centre of the sub-division, during the ten. years ending 1882 the fall varied from forty-four inches in 1874 to eight inches in 1876 and; averaged twenty-eight inches.

Water.

The two chief rivers are the Bhima and Man. For a winding length of about twenty, miles the Bhima separates Pandharpur from Malsiras in the west, and for about forty miles it winds north-west to south-east through the centre of the sub-division. During the rains the water overflows its banks which are earthy and steep The Man runs west to east in the south and falls into the Bhima near Sarkoli about ten miles south-east of Pandharpur. The town of Pandharpur is supplied with drinking water from a pond made in 1874 about a mile south-west of the town. Land is chiefly watered from wells.

Along the river and stream banks the soil is mostly deep black, and to the east of the Bhima it is specially fine. On the high lying land the soil is shallow black and gray gravelly or barad.

Stock.

According to the 1882-83 returns farm stock included seventy-eight riding and 1253 load carts, 557 two-bullock and 1500 four-bullock ploughs, 17,433 bullocks and 9137 cows, 1793 he-buffaloes and 4131 she-buffaloes, 850 horses, 42,437 sheep and goats, and 385 asses.

Holdings.

In 1882-83, including alienated lands, the total number of holdings was 13,581 with an average area of about nineteen acres. Of the whole number, 1663 were holdings of not more than five acres, 1490 were of six to ten acres, 4097 of eleven to twenty acres; 6291 of twenty-one to fifty acres; thirty-six of fifty-one to 100 acres; and four of 101 to 200 acres. The occupants who have holdings of over 100 acres are Brahmans, local Vanis, Gujars, Marathas, and Dhangars. As a rule the Brahmans, local Vanis, and Gujars sublet their holdings.

Crops, 1881-82.

In 1881-82 of 217,684 acres the whole area held for tillage, 26,104 acres or 11.99 per cent were fallow or under grass. Of the remaining 191,580 acres, 2585 were twice cropped. Of the 194,165 acres under tillage, grain crops occupied 159,545 acres or 82.16 per cent of which 137,694 were under Indian millet jvari Sorghum vulgare, 14,612 under spiked millet bajri Penicillaria spicata, 3674 under wheat gahu Triticum asstivum, 977 under rice bhat Oryza sativa, 2131 under maize makka Zea mays, 109 under rala or kang Panicum italicum, 28 under barley jav Hordeum hexastichon, 320 under other grains of which details are not given. Pulses occupied 10,572 acres or 5.44 per cent of which 1475 were under tur Cajanus indicus, 6723 under gram harbkara Cicer arietinum, 697 under kulthi or kulith Dolichos biflorus, 261 under mug Phaseolus mungo, 27 under masur Ervum lens, two under peas vatana Pisum sativum, and 1387 under other pulses. Oilseeds occupied 16,827 acres or 8.66 per cent, of which 1010 were under linseed alshi Linum usitatissimum, 126 under gingelly seed til Sesamum indicum, and 15,691 under other oilseeds. Fibres occupied 5321 acres or 2.74 per cent of which 3613 were under cotton kapus Gossypium herbaceum and 1708 under Bombay hemp son or tag Crotalaria juncea. Miscellaneous crops occupied 1900 acres or 0.97 per cent of which 778 were under chillies mirchi Capsicum frutescens, 325 under sugarcane us Saccharum officinarum, 243 under tobacco tambakhu Nicotiana tabacum, and the remaining 554 under various vegetables and fruits.

People, 1881.

The 1881 population returns show that of 72,212 people 69,345 or 96.02 percent were Hindus, 2864 or 3.96 per cent Musalmans, and 3 Christians. The details of the Hindu castes are: 6330 Brahmans; 5 Kayasth Prabhus, writers; 1739 Lingayat Vanis, 1158 Marwar Vanis, 662 Komtis, 166 Gujarat Vanis, 8 Agarvals, and 6 Lohanas, traders and merchants; 25,519Maratha Kunbis, 3412 Malis, and 247 Hatkars, husbandmen; 1641 Koshtis, weavers; 1585 Chambhars, leather-workers; 767 Sonars, goldsmiths; 667 Telis, oil-pressers; 509 Lonaris, cement-makers; 491 Shimpis, tailors; 431 Kumbhars, potters; 434 Sutars, carpenters; 349 Sangars, wool-weavers; 332 Kasars, makers and sellers of glass bangles; 298 Lohars, blacksmiths; 140 Niralis, indigo-dyers; 132 Salis, weavers; 102 Patharvats, masons; 90 Gavandis, masons; 81 Rauls, tape-makers; 81 Tambats, coppersmiths; 64 Khatris, weavers; 48 Buruds, bamboo-workers; 41 Lakheris, lac-workers; 34 Karanjkars, saddlers; 29 Ghisadis, tinkers; and 20 Otaris casters; 823 Nhavis, barbers; 524 Parits, washermen; 307 Guravs, priests; 195 Holars, leather-dressers; 105 Ghadshis, musicians; 6413 Dhangars, cowkeepers; 390 Gavlis, milkmen; 1427 Kolis and 290 Bhois, fishers; 884 Raddis, scent-sellers and cultivators; 319 Pardeshis, messengers; 134 Kbatiks, batchers; 838 Berads, 701 Vadars, 68 Kaikadis, and 29 Vanjaris, unsettled tribes; 4927 Mhars, village servants; 2350 Mangs, labourers; 188 Dhors, tanners; and 240 Jangams, 189 Gosavis, 161 Dauris, 97 Bhats or Thakurs, 88 Gondhlis, 18 Joharis, 13 Kolhatis, and 9 Vaghyas and Murlis, beggars.

SANGOLA.

Boundaries.

Sa'ngola lies in the south-west between 17° 8' and 17° 40' north latitude and between 74° 59' and 75° 32' east longitude. It is bounded on the north by Malsiras and Pandharpur; on the east by Pandharpur, Mangalvedha of the Patvardhan state, and the Jath state; on the south by the Jath and Patvardhan states; and on the west by Khanapur in Satara and Atpadi of the Pant Pratinidhi. It has an area of 649 square miles, a population in 1881 of 62,849 or ninety-seven to the square mile, and in 1882 a land revenue of £15,814 (Rs. 1,58,140).

Area.

Of the 649 square miles 599 have been surveyed in detail. According to the revenue survey returns, 90 square miles are occupied by the lands of alienated villages. The rest contains 342,099 acres or 90.18 per cent of arable land, 23,651 acres or 6.24 per cent of unarable land, 3740 acres or 0.98 per cent of forests, and 9866 acres or 2.60 per cent of village sites, roads, rivers, and streams. From the 342,099 acres of arable land 36,595 acres have to be taken on account of alienated lands in Government villages.

Aspect.

Sangola is a level open plain with a few treeless hillocks fringing its southern border. It is mostly bare of trees. The villages are small, three or four miles apart. More than half the villages lie on stream banks and except Sangola and Nazre almost all are open. The village site is generally bare.

Climate.

The climate is hot. At Sangola in the centre of the sub-division, during the ten years ending 1882 the rainfall varied from thirty-four inches in 1877 to six inches in 1876 and averaged twenty-two inches.

Water.

The chief river is the Man with its feeders the Belvan, Kurds, Songanga, and Vankdi. It drains the sub-division west to north-, east for about thirty-five miles. During the rains the streams are all full, but in the hot season most of them run dry. In Sangola land is little watered.

Soil.

Most of the soil is stony and barren, and much of it is fit only for grazing.

Stock.

According to the 1882-83 returns farm stock included twenty-three riding and 1099 load carts, 786 two-bullock and 3053 four-bullock ploughs, 22,269 bullocks and 12,181 cows, 2649 he-buffaloes and 4113 she-buffaloes, 1403 horses, 91,711 sheep and goats, and 457 asses.

Holdings.

In 1882-83, including alienated lands, the total number of holdings was 5259 with an average area of about 54 acres. Of the whole number 86 were holdings of not more than five acres, 183 were of six to ten acres; 605 of eleven to twenty acres; 2376 of twenty-one to fifty acres; 1351 of fifty-one to 100 acres; 537 of 101 to 200 acres; seventy-six of 201 to 300 acres; twenty-three of 301 to 400 acres; and twenty-two of above 400 acres. The occupants who have holdings of over 100 acres are Brahmans, local Vanis, Gujars, Marathas, and Dhangars. As a rule the Brahmans, local Vanis, and Gujars sublet their holdings.

Crops, 1882-82.

In 1881-82 of 283,695 acres the whole area held for tillage 67,801 acres or 23.89 per cent were fallow or under grass. Of the remaining 215,894 acres, 8019 were twice cropped. Of the 223,913 acres under tillage, grain crops occupied 187,840 acres or 83.88 per cent of which 78,674 were under Indian millet jvari Sorghum vulgare, 89,809 under spiked millet bajri Penicillaria spicata, 8152 under wheat gahu Triticum aestivum, 2581 under rice bhat Oryza sativa, 3460 under maize makka Zea mays, 460 under rala or kang Panicum italicum, 136 under barley jav Hordeum hexastichon, and 4568 under other grains of which details are not given. Pulses occupied 16,982 acres or 7.58 per cent, of which 1419 were under tur Cajanus indicus, 3503 nnder gram harbhara Cicer arietinum, 1084 under kulthi or kulith Dolichos biflorus, 567 nnder mug Phaseolus mango, and 10,409 under other pulses. Oilseeds occupied 9801 acres or 4.37 per cent of which 74 were under linseed alshi Linum nsitatissimum, 759 under gingelly seed til Sesamum indicum, and 8968 under other oilseeds. Fibres occupied 5599 acres or 2.50 per cent, of which 4364 were under cotton kapus Gossypinm herbaceum and 1235 under Bombay hemp san or tag Crotalaria juncea. Miscellaneous crops occupied 3691 acres or 1.64 per-cent of which 1538 were under chillies mirchi Capsicum frutescens, 473 under sugarcane us Saccharum officinarum, 529 under tobacco tambakhu Nicotiana tabacum, and the remaining 1151 under various vegetables and fruits.

People, 1881.

The 1881 population returns show that of 62,849 people 60,648 or 96.49 per cent were Hindus, 2197 or 3.49 per cent Musalmans, and 4 Christians. The details of the Hindu castes are: 1582 Brahmans; 17 Kayasth Prabhus, writers; 1344 Gujarat Vanis, 1267 Lingayat Vanis, and 108 Marwar Vanis, traders and merchants; 18,990 Maratha Kunbis, 2438 Malis, and 791 Hatkars, husbandmen; 2086 Lonaris, cement-makers; 1282 Chambhars, leather workers; 1006 Koshtis, weavers; 718 Sangars, wool-weavers; 520 Sonars, goldsmiths; 520 Sutars, carpenters; 506 Kumbbars, potters; 337 Telis, oil-pressers; 334 Lohars, blacksmiths; 297 Shimpis, tailors; 167 Kasars, makers and sellers of glass bangles; 46 Rauls, tape-makers; 46 Salis, weavers; 23 Karanjkars, saddlers; 20 Otaris, caters; 20 Tambats, coppersmiths; 19 Beldars, quarrymen; 18 Buruds, bamboo-worker; 11 Niralis, indigo-dyers; 3 Gavandis, masons; 604 Nhavis, barbers; 436 Parits, washermen; 1804 Holars, leather-dressers; 422 Guravs, priests; 17 Ghadshis, musicians; 11,127 Dhangars, cowkeepers; 46 Gavlis, milkmen; 462 Kolis and 28 Bhois, fishers; 536 Raddis, scent-sellers and cultivators; 189 Pardeshis, messengers; 26 Khatiks, butchers; 1045 Berads, 210 Kaikadis, 113 Vadars, and 75 Vanjaris, unsettled tribes; 6571 Mhars, messengers; 1204 Mangs, labourers; 256 Dhors, tanners; 5 Halalkhors, scavengers; and 504 Dauris, 238 Jangams, 129 Gosavis, 65 Gondhlis, 20 Balsantoshis, and 10 Bhats or Thakurs, beggars.

SHOLAPUR.

Boundaries.

Shola'pur lies in the extreme south-east between 17° 22' and 17° 50' north latitude and between 75° 40' and 76° 13' east longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Nizam's territory, on the south by the Bhima and the Akalkot state, on the east by the Akalkot state, and on the west by the Pandharpur and Madha sub-divisions. It has an area of 847 square miles, a population in 1881 of 149,539 or 176 to the square mile, and in 1882 a land revenue of £19,764 (Rs. 1,97,640). Of its 115 villages eleven lie detached in the Nizam's territory.

Area.

Of the 847 square, miles 543 have been surveyed in detail. According to the revenue survey returns, nine square miles are occupied by the lands of alienated villages. The rest contains 491,065 acres or 91.56 per cent of arable land, 27,153 acres or 5.06 per cent of unarable land, 2968 acres or 0.55 per cent of grass, 3205 acres or 0.60 per cent of forests, and 11,953 acres or 2.23 per cent of village sites, roads, rivers, and streams. From the 491,065 acres of arable land 57,762 acres have to be taken on account of alienated' lands in Government villages.

Aspect.

Sholapur is waving and bare of trees, rising in places in small hillocks showing bare rock. On the whole it is less rugged and stony than Mohol on the north-west. The southern part between the Bhima and the Sina is flatter and richer and has groves of trees and gardens. The land between the streams slowly rises to the water-shed. Except in the south and east which have two or three groups of small villages close together, the villages are large and far apart. Almost all are on river or stream banks. The village sites are bare. Formerly the villages were walled, but the walls have fallen and in many cases disappeared.

Climate.

The climate is dry. The cold season is clear and bracing and better than that in other parts of the Deccan, and the hot season hotter with much hot dry wind. The rainfall is scanty. The south west monsoon reaches Sholapur only in fitful gusts and is never to be trusted; the sub-division owes most of its rainfall to the north east monsoon. At Sholapur in the centre, during the eighteen years ending 1870, the fall varied from 35.78 inches in 1869 to 13.65 inches in 1855 and averaged 26.63 inches, and during the ten years ending 1882 it varied from sixty-six inches in 1878 to eleven inches in 1876 and averaged thirty-one inches. During the cold season the temperature is lower, and during the hot and rainy seasons higher than at most Bombay stations.

Water.

The two chief rivers are the Bhima and the Sina. The Bhims forms the southern boundary of the sub-division for about thirty-five miles, and the Sina runs south through the sub-division for about forty miles. The rivers run throughout the year, though during the hot season the stream is narrow. Land is little watered by these rivers. Besides from the Ekruk lake the better garden lands are watered from wells. The city of Sholapur is supplied with drinking water from the Ekruk lake, about three miles north of the city.

Soil.

The soil is various and irregular. In the dips is much fine alluvial soil. North of the Sina in the east about ten per cent of the soil is black, fifty red or tamabad, and forty gravelly or barad. The black soil, being about one-tenth of the whole, is found only in small patches and of no great depth, resting on a sandy loam and under it pebbly limestone as in Gujarat. Especially near Sholapur, Bala, Degaon, and the south-east of Ahirvadi the black soil is very rich, yielding all the richer products. Towards the banks of the Sina and between the Sina and Bhima in the west the black soil is more plentiful and much is deep and excellent. The chief products are all the rabi or late grains, oil-seeds, and pulses, but bajri is not much grown.

Stock.

According to the 1882-83 returns farm stock included 181 riding and 1258 load carts, 1398 two-bullock and 3239 four-bullock ploughs, 34,791 bullocks and 17,419 cows, 6833 he-buffaloes and 3779 she-buffaloes, 1545 horses, 55,543 sheep and goats, and 804 asses.

Holdings.

In 1882-83, including alienated lands, the total number of holdings was 9533 with an average area of about fifty-four acres. Of the whole number 374 were holdings of not more than five acres, 631 were of six to ten acres, 1708 of eleven to twenty acres, 4060 of twenty-one to fifty acres; 1908 of fifty-one to 100 acres; 666 of 101 to 200 acres; 128 of 201 to 300 acres; thirty-seven of 301 to 400 acres; and twenty-one of above 400 acres. The occupants who have holdings of over 100 acres are Brahmans, local Vanis, Gujars, Marathas, and. Dhangars. As a rule the Brahmans, local Vanis, and Gujars sublet their holdings.

Crops, 1881-82.

In 1881-82 of 382,466 acres the whole area held for tillage, 46,284 acres or 12.10 per cent were fallow or under grass. Of the remaining 336,182 acres 7532 were twice cropped. Of the 343,714 acres under tillage, grain crops occupied 272,200 acres or 79.19 per cent, of which 234,263 were under Indian millet jvari Sorghum vulgare, 23,399 under spiked millet bajri Penicillaria spicata, 7307 under wheat gahu Triticum aestivum, 6049 under rice bhat Oryza sativa, 132 under maize makka Zea mays, 242 under rala or kang Panicum italicum, 82 under sava and vari Panicum miliaceum, 100 under barley jav Hordeum hexastichon, and 626 under other grains of which details are not given. Pulses occupied 28,467 acres or 828 per cent of which 20,935 were under fur Cajanus indicus, 6457 under gram harbhara Cicer arietinum, 266 under kulthi or kulith Dolichos biflorus, 456 under mug Phaseolus mungo, 95 under udid Phaseolus radiatus, and 258 under other pulses. Oilseeds occupied 30,341 acres or 8.82 per cent of which 15,302 were under Unseed alshi Linum usitatissimum, 366 under gingelly seed til Sesamum indicum, and 14,673 under other oilseeds. Fibres occnpied 8540 acres or 2.48 per cent of which 3934 were under cotton kapus Gossypium herbaceum, and 4606 under Bombay hemp san or tag Crotalaria juncea. Miscellaneous crops occupied 4166 acres or 1.21 per cent of which 1278 were under chillies mirchi Capsicum frutescens, 499 under sugarcane us Saccharum officinarum, 804 under tobacco tambakhu Nicotiana tabacum, and the remaining 1585 under various vegetables and fruits.

People, 1881.

The 1881 population returns show that of 149,539 people 125,538 or 83.95 per cent were Hindus, 23,253 or 15.54 per cent Musalmans, 523 or 0.34 per cent Christians, 128 or 0.08 per cent Parsis, 90 Jews, and 7 Sikhs. The details of the Hindu castes are: 6301 Brahmans; 50 Kayasth Prabhus and 41 Mudliars, writers; 9906 Lingayat Vanis, 1669 Marwar Vanis, 710 Gujarat Vanis, 664 Komtis, 230 Vaishya Vanis, 51 Bhatias, 37 Kashikapdis, and 6 Agarvals, traders and merchants; 29,415 Maratha Kunbis, 3868 Malis, and 315 Hatkars, husbandmen; 7827 Salis and 4428 Koshtis, weavers; 3330 Shimpis, tailors; 3270 Chambhars, leather-workers; 2025 Telis, oil-pressers; 1172 Sonars, goldsmiths; 1072 Khatris, weavers; 1046 Sutars, carpenters; 806 Kumbhars, potters; 758 Rangaris, dyers; 639 Niralis, indigo-dyers; 557 Lohars, blacksmiths; 536 Gavandis, masons; 332 Lonaris, cement-makers; 182 Kasars, makers and sellers of glass bangles; 160 Tambats, coppersmiths; 141 Buruds, bamboo-workers; 137 Karanjkars, saddlers; 118 Ghisadis, tinkers; 75 Rauls, tape-makers; 61 Beldars, quarrymen; 28 Otaris, casters; 14 Patharvats, masons; 14 Sangars, wool-weavers; 8 Tambolis, betel-sellers; 7 Patvekars, tassel-makers; 4 Bhadbhunjas, grain-parchers; 1315 Nhavis, barbers; 1007 Parits, washermen; 1416 Guravs, priests; 74 Holars, leather-dressers; 5 Ghadshis, musicians; 10,520 Dhangars, cow-keepers; 762 Gavlis, milkmen; 3423 Kolis and 430 Bhois, fishers; 1851 Pardeshis, messengers; 658 Raddis, scent-sellers and cultivators; 339 Khatiks, butchers; 320 Lodhis, labourers; 206 Kamathis, labourers; 125 Kalals, distillers; 1491 Vadars, 653 Kaikadis, 586 Berads, 176 Phansepardhis, and 17 Vanjaris, unsettled tribes; 11,422 Mhars, village servants; 2796 Mangs, labourers; 569 Dhors, tanners; 33 Halalkhors, scavengers; and 2198 Jangams, 385 Gosavis, 317 Joshis, 228 Gondhlis, 66 Kolhatis, 63 Dauris, 46 Bhats, 19 Joharis, 8 Dasaris, and 4 Vasudevs, beggars.